摘 要

以102个观赏海棠种质为试材，分别对其幼叶和成叶的42个数量化指标进行测定，对测定结果进行表型多样性分析、种内一致性检验、相关性分析、主成分分析，同时利用Q型聚类分析对供试观赏海棠进行分类研究，并进行海棠种与品种间的差异分析。以期建立观赏海棠种质叶片数量化性状数据库，为观赏海棠种质分类、遗传分析等提供数据支撑。主要研究结果如下：

1. 基于种间变异度的海棠叶片表型多样性分析可以看出，叶片的各个宽度指标的变异系数较大，而角度指标变异较小，且幼叶中有66.67%的数量指标变异系数大于成叶的指标，说明幼叶表型多样化程度较成叶更高。

（2）种内一致性检验可以看出幼叶1/10宽、幼叶最宽脉间距、幼叶叶长/幼叶叶最宽等14个指标＞10%，性状表现不稳定，应当筛去，由此，42个叶片数量化性状变为28个指标。

（3）观赏海棠叶片数量性状的R型聚类，可以看出幼叶叶最宽、幼叶3/4宽、幼叶叶中宽和幼叶9/10宽，成叶叶最宽、成叶3/4宽和成叶叶中宽相关性很强，在样本数量分类时，可根据实验目的及条件进行适当取舍，本研究去掉幼叶3/4宽、幼叶叶中宽等5个指标，剩余23个指标进行下一步分析。

（4）性状主成分分析共得到8个主成分，累计贡献率为78.87%。8个主成分的主导因子分别为幼叶叶长、成叶叶长/叶宽位、成叶叶长/叶最宽、成叶叶1/4宽/叶中宽、成叶最宽脉间距、成叶叶3/4宽/叶中宽、成叶叶柄长，因此选用这7个指标进行下一步分析。

（5）对102个观赏海棠种质进行Q聚类分析，结果表示在欧氏距离4.7时，将这些种质分为2大类、4个子类，各类群形态特征差异明显。

（6）利用筛选出的3个原始数量化性状（幼叶叶长、成叶最宽脉间距、成叶叶柄长）进行海棠种与品种间的差异比较，结果显示品种的变化频率较大。

关键词：观赏海棠；叶片；数量性状

Quantity Character Analysis ornamental Malus leaves

ABSTRACT

In this paper,we got 102 ornamental Malus germplasm used as materials.Respectively for its young leaves and leaf number 42 quantitative indicators are measured.On the determination results of phenotypic diversity analysis, internal consistency check, correlation analysis and principal component analysis.At the same time I used Q type cluster analysis were used to classify ornamental haitang, and haitang species and varieties of variance analysis. In order to establish ornamental leaves haitang germplasm quantification properties database.This paper watched Chinese flowering crabapple germplasm classification and genetic analysis to provide data support. The main results were as follows:

(1) Based on interspecific variation degree of haitang blade phenotypic diversity analysis ,we can see that each blade width index of variation coefficient is larger And the Angle index variation is small, 66.67% of young leaf index variation coefficient is greater than the number of leaf index, explain young phenotypic diversity degree is higher then the leaf.

(2)Consistency check can be seen in young leaves 1/10 pulse width, young leaves the wide spacing, young foliage long/young under the most wide 14 indexes such as gt; 10%, the characters and performance is not stable, should screen, as a result, 42 blade quantitative traits into 28 indicators.

(3) Watching the Chinese flowering crabapple R type cluster of blade quantitative traits. It can be seen that the correlation of the young under the widest, young leaf 3/4 width and wide width, and young leaves in foliage of 9/10, as under the wide, wide into leaf 3/4 width, and into the foliage is very strong. When the sample size classification,according to purpose andthe experiment conditions we can appropriate trade-off.Removing this study younger leaves 3/4 width, young foliage in five indexes such as wide, the remaining 23 indicators to analyze the next step.

(4) By the characteristics of principal component analysis we got a total of eight principal components, the cumulative contribution rate was 78.87%. Eight leading factor of the principal component of young foliage long respectively, into the foliage and length/width into foliage leaves/the most wide, under 1/4 width/intermediate leaf width, into leaves the most wide pulse spacing, into foliage 3/4 width/intermediate leaf width, leaf petiole, so choose the seven indicators to analyze the next step.

(5)The 102 Chinese flowering crabapple germplasm were Q cluster analyzed, at the results said in Euclidean distance 4.7.These germplasm can be divided into two major categories, four subclasses.All kinds of group of morphological characteristics difference is obviously.

(6) Using the selected three original quantitative traits (young foliage leaves, into the wide spacing of arteries and veins, into leaf petiole). Malus species were compared with the differences between species, varieties showed greater frequency changes.

Key words：ornamental Malus; quantitative trait; Leaves

目 录

1 文献综述

1.1 海棠的历史文化与现状

1.1.1 海棠文化历史

1.1.2 观赏海棠栽培现状

1.1.3 海棠地区分布

1.2 数量分类学研究

1.2.1 数量分类学简介

1.2.2 数量分类学在植物分类学中的应用

1.3 观赏海棠品种分类研究进展

1.3.1 国外观赏海棠品种分类研究进展

1.3.2 国内赏海棠品种分类研究进展

2 材料与方法

2.1 试验地概况和试验材料

2.2 试验方法

2.3 数据处理

3 结果与分析

3.1 基于种间变异度的海棠叶片表型多样性分析

3.2 观赏海棠叶片形态指标筛选

3.2.1 种内一致性检验

3.2.2 观赏海棠叶片数量性状的R型聚类

3.2.3 性状主成分分析

3.3 Q型聚类分析

3.4 海棠种与品种间叶片部分数量性状的差异比较

4 结论与讨论

4.1 结论

4.2 讨论

致 谢

参考文献 24

1 文献综述

1.1 海棠的历史文化与现状

1.1.1 海棠文化历史

海棠在古代称为“棠”、“柰”、“林檎”等。《山海经》（郭璞，晋）中记载中岷山“其木多梅、棠”，皇之山“其下多蕙、棠”是对野生海棠种分布的较早纪录。对海棠栽培的最早记录在西汉《上林赋》（葛洪，晋），汉武帝修建林苑，群臣纷纷献奇花异果，其中有“柰三”（白柰、绿柰、紫柰），“棠四”（白、赤、沙、青），紫柰的果具有食用兼观赏的效果。其中记载的“柰”指的是花红，“棠”指的是海棠，“白、紫、绿”指的是花色，这应该是关于海棠品种最早的记载，并予以花色进行区分。