摘 要

银杏（Ginkgo biloba）为中生代孑遗树种，植物界的“活化石”，兼药用、果用、观赏及用材于一体，是不可多得的品质优良的多功能树种。本试验以丹东地区杂交银杏种子为材料，研究了种子的物理性状及其发芽率大小，同时研究了其在不同的发芽过程中内含物质及相关酶的动态变化。主要结果如下：

1、对种子形态特征的研究表明，杂交种子表现为近圆或广椭圆形，有明显棱无明显翼。百粒重也表现为杂交种子百明显大于对照，体现出杂交存在较为明显的优势。

2、室内种子的发芽试验表明，不同来源的种子发芽率均较高，均在80%左右，最高的为杂交1号，达到83%，比对照高2%；杂交2号发芽率为79%，比对照高3%。

3、可溶性糖含量的研究表明，银杏种子可溶性糖含量都随着萌发时间的延长而逐渐增加。杂交1号和杂交2号增速明显大于对照1号和对照2号，至发芽结束，其比最初分别高146%和145%。

4、可溶性蛋白质含量的研究表明，杂交种子和对照的可溶性蛋白质含量在整个萌发期间变化缓慢，杂交1号、杂交2号、对照1号、对照2号增加率分别为23%、14%、16%、19%。

5、对其发芽期间的酶活性变化研究表明，杂交种子CAT酶活性都随着萌发时间的延长而降低，但对照种子的CAT酶则呈现逐渐增加的情况。不同种子的POD酶活性变化规律略有差异，对照及杂交2号种子均表现为先上升后下降，均在发芽第8 d时达到最大值，但杂交1号的最大值出现在第12d。SOD酶活性变化表现为，对照1号先降后升，在12d时含量最低；杂交2号和对照2号的酶活性均随着萌发时间的延长逐渐下降，至16d时达到最小值。

关键词：银杏、酶活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质

Study on the Physiological Characteristics of Ginkgo biloba Seeds in Dandong Region

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba for the Mesozoic relict tree species, the plant community "living fossil", and medicinal, fruit, ornamental and timber in one, is a rare quality of multi-functional tree species. In this study, the seeds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum were used as materials to study the physical properties and germination rate of seeds. At the same time, the content of seeds contained in different germination processes was determined, including soluble sugar (anthrone colorimetric method) , Soluble protein (Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining), SOD (nitrogen blue tetrazole light reduction method), CAT (UV absorption method), POD (guaiacol method), the main results are as follows:

1、The study of the length, width and thickness of the seed showed that the seeds of hybrid 1 and hybrid 2 were nearly rounded or broadly elliptic, 100-seed weight also showed that the seed weight of hybrid 1 and hybrid No. 2 was significantly larger than that of the two control, which showed that there was a significant advantage in hybridization.

2、The germination rate of different seeds was higher (about 80%), the highest was hybridization 1, 83%, 2% higher than the control, the germination rate of hybrid 2 was 79% , 3% higher than the control.

3、The results showed that the soluble sugar content of Ginkgo biloba increased gradually with the germination time. Hybridization 1 and hybrid 2 were significantly higher than those of control 1 and control 2, to the end of germination, which were 146% and 145% higher than the original.

4、Soluble protein content showed that the soluble protein content of hybrid seeds and control changed slowly during the whole germination period, and the increase rate of hybridization 1, hybrid 2, control 1 and control 2 were 23%, 14%, 16 %, 19%.

5、The results showed that CAT enzyme activity decreased with the germination time, but the CAT enzyme of the control seed increased gradually. The control and hybridization were diametrically opposite. Happening. The changes of POD activity of different seeds were slightly different, and the first and second hybrids were the highest in the first and second days after germination, and reached the maximum at the 8th day of germination 12d. The activities of SOD activity showed that the activity of control 1 shows the first decrease, then increased, and reached the minimum at 12d, ; control 1 reached the maximum at 12d; hybrid 2 and control 2 of the enzyme activity with the extension of the germination time gradually decreased to 16d to reach the minimum.

Keywords: Ginkgo biloba, activity of various enzymes, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content

目录

1 文献综述 1

1.1研究的目的意义 1

1.2国内外研究进展 1

1.3银杏的资源调查及应用价值 2

1.3.1银杏的营养价值 2

1.3.2银杏的观赏价值 2

1.3.3银杏种质资源调查 3

1.3.4国内对银杏种质资源的收集和保护 3

1.3.5前人对杂交种子的性状研究 3

2 材料与方法 5

2.1试验地概况 5

2.2试验材料及设计 5

2.2.1试验材料及来源 5

2.2.2试验设计 5

2.3试验方法 5

2.3.1种子采集及处理 5

2.3.2种子性状调查 6

2.3.3种子粗酶液提取 6

2.3.4可溶性蛋白质含量的测定 7

2.3.5可溶性糖含量的测定 9

3 结果与分析 11

3.1种子的物理性状 11

3.2 发芽率 11

3.3 银杏种子可溶性糖含量的变化 12

3.4 银杏种子可溶性蛋白质含量的变化 13

3.5 银杏种子CAT活性的变化 14

3.6 银杏种子POD活性的变化 15

3.7 银杏种子SOD活性的变化 16

4 结论 18

4.1 种子的物理性状特点 18

4.2 种子发芽率 18

4.3 种子可溶性糖含量变化 18

4.4 种子可溶性蛋白质变化 18

4.5 种子酶活性变化 19

致谢 20

参考文献 21

1 文献综述

1.1 研究的目的意义

银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.) 别名公孙树、白果树，银杏科银杏属，为中生代孑遗的稀有树种，在中生代银杏曾广泛分布于北半球，由于第四季冰川降临，欧洲、北美及亚洲大部分地区的银杏都遭到了灭顶之灾，从而绝迹。近代的地理学、地质学家对我国的地理、地质进行研究发现，我国与欧洲连城大片甚至覆盖整个地面的冰川不同，我国在冰川纪时，华北地区受到冰川侵蚀比较轻，只有华东和华中一带的局部地区受到了严寒气候的影响，因此，银杏这一古老物种才会免于厄难，从而保留到今日，成为植物界 “活化石”。 现今野生状态的银杏树木仅在浙江天目山一带还有分布^[1] 。

银杏作为一种全身是宝的“活化石”，其全身都可以被利用。银杏种子营养丰富可以做成干果食用，且其种仁中含有白果酸、多糖等，前者具有明显的抑菌作用，后者具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗衰老和抗肿瘤等多种功能^[2]。银杏叶中黄酮、萜内酯和多糖等提取物在临床应用极为广泛，具有扩张血管、抗肿瘤、调节血脂、抗炎、拮抗血小板活化因子、保护缺血损伤等多种药理作用^[3]。银杏木材质地优良，易干燥，不翘裂，兼有特殊的药香味，素有“药香木”之称。切削容易，切面光滑，油漆后光亮性好，胶粘容易，握钉力弱，不劈裂。常用于建筑、镶嵌、各种雕刻工艺、高级文化和乐器用品以及特殊的工业用具等。银杏木材也常用于制作各种高级家具^[4]。银杏树木干型通直，叶形奇特，树形优美，常用于园林观赏，道路绿化等方面。同时银杏树树龄悠长，暗含长寿之意，所以在庭院以及一些深山古刹中都能看到其身影。