摘 要

以‘紫王子’海棠（Malus. ‘Purple Prince’）开放性授粉后播种得到的半同胞家系为试材，于春季对其进行生长特性的研究，比较紫王子海棠半同胞家系春季形态指标的差异，了解‘紫王子’海棠半同胞家系生长性状变异规律，以期为海棠家系优良单株的苗期选育提供一定的理论依据。对参试的144株2a生实生苗的苗高、地径、分枝、高径比、月苗高生长量和月地径生长量这6个性状进行测定，以苗高、地径对参试苗木进行聚类分析得到A、B、C、D四类，并分别抽取3株代表性苗木进行光合特征参数的测定。结果表明：

1. ‘紫王子’海棠半同胞家系苗木间的苗高、地径等6个生长性状存在着丰富的变异，表型变异系数从大到小为：高径比＞分枝＞月地径生长量＞地径＞苗高＞月苗高生长量。这有利于优良单株的评价与选择。

（2）‘紫王子’海棠半同胞家系内各生长性状间除高径比与地径、分枝和月地径生长量呈极显著负相关，其他生长性状间皆呈正相关。这说明选择高径比小和分枝多的单株，有利于提高海棠的生长性状，达到间接选择目的。

1. 以苗高、地径进行聚类，可将参试的144个单株分为4类：A类为生长状况最好的类群，共8个单株（5.56%）；B类为生长状况位列第二，共22个单株（15.28%）；C类为生长中等的类群，共74个单株（51.39%）；D类生长状况最差，共40个单株（27.77%）。
2. 将供试植株聚类分析分为的4大类进行光合特征参数的分析，结果显示，A大类的Tr、Gs、Pn、WUE及B类的Tr、Ci值最大，A类的Ci和C类的Tr、Gs以及D类的Pn、WUE为最小；PCV为WUE最大（31.49%），Ci最小（10.14%）。

（5）对家系内单株进行苗高、地径与光合特征参数的相关性分析，结果表明：苗高与Pn有相关性，与其他光合特征参数相关性不大；家系内单株的地径与光合特征参数相关性都不大。

关键词：‘紫王子’海棠；半同胞家系；生长性状；光合特征参数

Study on Seedling Growth of M. ‘Purple Prince’

Half-sib Family in Spring

ABSTRACT

With (Malus. ‘Purple Prince’) as the female parent open pollination after sowing to F1 generation, in the spring on the growth characteristics of research, compare the M. ‘Purple Prince’ half-siblings family seedling morphological index differences, understand the M. ‘Purple Prince’ half-siblings family seedling traits variation rule, in order to M. ‘Purple Prince’ family superior individual seedling breeding to provide certain theoretical basis. 144 strains of volunteers' annual seedling height, ground diameter, branch of the west, high aspect ratio, high on seedling growth and diameter growth which six traits at seedling stage growth were determined, in seedling height, ground diameter, clustering analysis was carried out on the volunteers' seedling get A, B, C, D four categories, and 1 ～ 3 strains were respectively to determine the stomatal parameter. The results show that:

1. There are abundant variation of seedling height to diameter ratio and other 6 growth traits in M. ‘Purple Prince’ half-siblings family,high aspect ratiogt; branch numbergt;ground diameter incrementgt;ground diametergt;seedling heightgt;seedling height growth.The corresponding numerical respectively 62.77%, 61.56%, 31.79%, 28.21%, 22.21%, 28.21%, increased growth varies with time.This difference is advantageous to the evaluation and selection of superior individual.
2. Among growth traits, logarithmic two positive correlation, the ratio of high and ground diameter, branch number and ground diameter was significantly negative correlation, indicating that choose the high diameter is more than small and branches per plant, to improve the growth of the Chinese flowering crabapple, indirect selection.
3.  Clustering in seedling height, ground diameter, 144 volunteers per plant can be divided into four categories: the best growth condition for groups A, A total of 8 per plant(5.56%); Class B as a growth medium groups, a total of 22 per plant(15.28%); The growth condition of class C second, a total of 74 per plant(51.39%); The growth condition of class D worst, a total of 40 per plant(27.77%).
4. Selected plant clustering analysis can be divided into four major types of stomatal parameter analysis, the results showed that A major categories of Gs, Pn, Tr, WUE and B type Tr, Ci value maximum, Ci of class A and class C Tr and Gs and Pn and WUE of class D to A minimum; PCV for WUE maximum (31.49%), Ci (10.14%) of the smallest
5. The correlation analysis of genealogy seedling height, ground diameter and stomatal parameter show that seedling height are positively related with multiple stomatal parameters; family within individual ground diameter and Gs of moderate positive correlation, and other related parameters.

Key Words：M. ‘Purple Prince’; half-sib families; growth traits; photosynthetic paramete

目 录

1前 言 1

1.1海棠种质资源概况及应用现状分析 1

1.1.1分类地位 1

1.1.2海棠的起源演化及栽培历史 1

1.1.3生物学特性 2

1.1.4应用现状 2

1.2海棠国内外研究现状 3

1.3子代测定研究进展 4

1.4研究目的与意义 4

2 材料与方法 6

2.1 试验地概况 6

2.2 实验材料 6

2.3 测定方法 6

2.4 统计与分析作图 7

3 结果与分析 7

3.1 半同胞家系生长性状的分析 7

3.2 半同胞家系生长性状参数相关性分析 7

3.3 半同胞家系的聚类分析 8

3.4 半同胞家系光合特征参数分析 10

3.5 半同胞家系生长性状与光合特征参数相关性分析 10

4 结论与讨论 12

4.1 讨论 12

4.2 结论 12

致 谢 14

参考文献 15

附表......................................................................................................................................................................16

1 前 言

木本海棠（Malus spectabilis）在植物学上主要有归于蔷薇科木瓜属和苹果属的两类，而当前人们所说的观赏海棠为苹果属（Malus）内果实直径较小（≤5cm）的海棠，一般为乔木，高达8m，小枝粗壮圆柱形，叶片椭圆形至长椭圆形，长5～8cm、宽2～3cm，先端短渐尖或圆钝，基部宽楔形或圆形，边缘有紧贴细锯齿；托叶膜质，披针形。花序近伞形，有花4～6朵；萼片三角状卵形，先端急尖。花瓣卵形、基部有爪，白色至红色。雄蕊20～25，花柱5；果实近球形。

木本海棠在我国已经有2000多年的栽培历史，自古享有“国艳”、“花中神仙”等美誉，是我国春季重要的观花乔木。观赏海棠分布广泛，亚洲、欧洲及北美洲均有分布，我国是其分布中心。南至云南省，北至辽宁都有分布，此外河北、山东、浙江、江苏、甘肃等地也可生长。海棠垂直分布范围在海拔50～2400m^[1]。海棠花姿潇洒，花开艳丽，且果实红艳可爱、挂果时间长，具有很高的观赏价值，因此在园林绿化中应用较多，有着广泛的应用前景。海棠花棠植人行道两侧、亭台周围、丛林边缘、水滨池畔等。也可作为制作盆景的材料，切枝可供瓶插及其他装饰之用。海棠花对二氧化硫有较强的抗性，可用于城市街道绿地和矿区绿化。可以说海棠是集经济价值、生态价值、观赏价值于一体的重要树种，具有很高的利用价值，近年来栽培生产发展很快，但研究工作相对滞后，从2002年起开展实生单株优选法来选育观赏价值的植株。