摘 要

为了研究不同品种的观赏海棠（Malus spp.）在种实表型性状上的变异程度与规律，采用方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析等方法对南京林业大学国家海棠种质资源圃中的42 个观赏海棠品种的果实纵径、果实横径以及种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度和千粒质量进行测定和统计分析。结果表明：42 个参试海棠品种群间果实与种子各表型性状间均呈现极显著性差异（P＜0.01）。各表型性状变异丰富，变异幅度为15.09%-32.59%，其中种形指数在品种群间变异系数最小（15.09%），种子千粒质量变异系数最大（32.59%），说明种子千粒质量在各品种间变异较为明显。果实和种子性状间相关性表明，随着果实纵径的增加，果实横径、果形指数增大，果实越大，果实形状越趋近于圆形；而种子宽度、种子厚度越大，种子形状越趋近于圆形；果实纵径、果实横径、种子长度、种子宽度和种子厚度越大，则种子千粒质量越大，种子越饱满；而果形指数与种形指数显著相关(p＜0.05)，表明果实和种子在形态上的变异在一致性，即果实越大，所对应的种子越饱满，千粒质量越大。聚类分析将42个海棠品种划分为3 个类群，第1类群果实、种子大小和种子千粒质量均相对较大；第2类群果实、种子大小以及种子千粒质量中等偏上；第3类群果实、种子相对较小，种子千粒质量较轻。通过对海棠不同品种群种实表型的差异性分析，了解其种实表型在群体内和群体间的变异规律，为海棠种质资源数据库的建立、海棠新品种的选育以及海棠种子品质检验提供理论参考。

关键词 观赏海棠；果实；种子；表型；相关性

Phenotypic Characteristic Analysis of Seeds and Fruits about Different Cultivar Groups of Malus spp.

ABSTRACT

To research the level and regular pattern of variation of fruits and seeds’phenotypic characters among different cultivar groups of Malus spp. , we use several methods such as variance analysis , correlation analysis and cluster analysis to determine , count and analyse the fruit length , fruit diameter , seed length , seed diameter , seed thickness and 1000-grain weight of seed about 42 varieties of Malus spp. that are from National Germplasm Resource Nursery of Malus spp. of Nanjing Forestry University . The result shows that there are very significant differences （P＜0.01）among fruits and seeds of 42 varieties of Malus spp. tested . Each phenotypic character shows abundant variation . The range of variation is 15.09%-32.59% , and the coefficient of variation of the coefficient of seed form is minimum (15.09%) , while the 1000-grain weight’s is maximum (32.59%) , which shows that the variation of 1000-grain weight is the most obvious among these phenotypic characters . The analysis of the relevance of fruits and seeds’ characters shows that as the fruit length increases , the fruit diameter and coefficient of fruit form increase , too , and the fruits become bigger and more round . While as the seed diameter and seed thickness increases , the seeds become more round . As the fruit length , fruit diameter , seed length , seed diameter and seed thickness increase , the 1000-grain weight increases , too , and the seeds become more fuller . There is significant difference (p＜0.05) between the coefficient of fruit form and coefficient of seed form , which shows that the variations between the fruits and seeds are highly unified , meaning that as the fruits become bigger , the corresponding seeds become bigger and the 1000-grain weight increases . The cluster analysis divides the 42 varieties of Malus spp. tested into 3 groups . Among the Malus spp. in the first group , not only the fruits and seeds are bigger, but the 1000-grain weight is bigger relatively . The size of the fruits and seeds and the1000-grain weight of Malus spp. in the second one are above average , while that is small among the third group . According to the phenotypic diversity analysis of fruits and seeds of Malus spp. , we can know about the within-group and inter-group variant law of phenotype of fruits and seeds , in order to provide theoretical reference for establishing thedate base of germplasm resources , the cultivation of new varieties and the test of seeds’ quality about Malus spp. .

Key words Malus spp. ; fruit ; seed ; phenotype ; correlation .

目 录

1 前言 1

2 观赏海棠概述 1

2.1 观赏海棠国内外研究概况 1

2.1.1 观赏海棠起源与分布 2

2.1.2 观赏海棠性状研究概况 2

2.2 植物种实表型多样性研究 3

2.2.1 植物群体内和群体间表型性状变异 3

2.2.2 种子表型多样性研究概况 4

3 研究的目的和意义 4

4 研究材料和方法 5

4.1 试验地概况 5

4.2 试验材料和方法 5

4.2.1 试验材料采集 5

4.2 2试验方法与测定 6

4.2.2.1 果实表型性状测定 6

4.2.2.2 种子表型性状测定 6

4.2.2.3 数据分析 6

4.2.3 结果与分析 6

4.2.3.1 不同品种观赏海棠种实形态差异 6

4.2.3.2 种实性状间的相关性分析 9

4.2.3.3 种实形态特征的分布区划 10

5 讨论 11

参考文献（References） 13

致谢 16

1 前言

随着我国经济和科学技术的快速发展，城市园林绿化的作用越来越明显，人们对于城市环境绿化的要求越来越高，并且由于观赏性树种种植业的发展，也为城市园林绿化建设提供了不少树种的选择，观赏性树种在苗木市场中的地位也变得越来越重要^[1]。因此，对观赏树种的果实、种子表型性状展开研究，为观赏苗木的育种以及树种选择和推广、拓展出新的方法和途径是选育观赏良种的迫切需求。在国内外，关于种实表型性状的分析研究主要集中在松类、麻栎、元宝枫等树种，对于海棠的种实表型性状的研究却鲜有报道。海棠是我国传统的优秀观赏树种之一^[2]，其树形优美，品种繁多，花有单瓣、重瓣、半重瓣型，色彩艳丽，叶片和果实色彩丰富多变^[3]，具有十分优秀的观赏价值，不仅可以用于庭院密植、花境种植和盆栽等方式作为装饰性树种^[4]，其种子和果实也还有非常丰富的营养成分，在食用和医疗等方面都有着很好的价值和作用^[5]。

目前，在国内关于观赏海棠的研究主要集中在品种分类、良种选育、花叶色彩、遗传多样性、园林应用以及生理生化特性等多方面，但是对于海棠种实表型性状的研究相对稀少。本研究主要通过对42 个品种的海棠种子的长、宽、厚和千粒重以及果实的纵径、横径等多个指标进行测量和统计，旨在从海棠种实的性状出发，了解观赏海棠的生物学特性，并探究不同品种海棠种实的相关性，为海棠种质资源的保存利用、海棠品种的鉴定、分类和种子品质的检验提供理论参考。

2 观赏海棠概述

2.1 观赏海棠国内外研究概况