摘 要

青钱柳作为我国重点保护的濒危植物和多用途珍贵树种，具有很高的保健和药用开发利用价值，但是青钱柳在自然状态下结实率低、种子空粒率高，严重制约了青钱柳的开发利用和产业化进程。

针对存在的问题，研究青钱柳的开花和传粉习性，可为其提高种子的产量和质量提供依据，提高青钱柳的开发利用价值和产业化进程。

采用物候调查法,对青钱柳的开花情况进行调查，调查内容包括：雌株数(仅开雌花)、雄株数（仅开雄花）、雌先型株数（雌花先于雄花开放）、雄先型株数（雄花先于雌花开放）和未开花株数。数据分析采用SPSS，比较树龄、种源、造林密度对青钱柳的开花率、雌株率（分成熟与未成熟）、雄株率（分成熟与未成熟）、雌先型植株率、雄先型植株率的影响。

结果显示：（1）4年生人工林植株就开始开花，随着植株年龄的增长，开花率显著提高，雄株率增加，两性花植株比率也增加,雌株率相对降低。（2）种源对开花率、雌株比率、雄株比率、雌先型比率、雄先型比率没有显著影响。通过预测发现，一些植株雌先型植株比率明显高于雄先型植株比率，一些植株与之完全相反，可能是由于造林用种源植株数量不够大造成的。但总体而言，雌先型植株比率和雄先型植株比率接近于1:1，这与天然林中，雌先型和雄先型所占的比例相同的研究结果相符。（3）由于植株年龄较小，刚开始开花结实，开花处于不稳定状态，密度对开花的影响不明显。但结合林分的生长状况可以发现，高密度下的开花率低于低密度下的开花率。

关键词：青钱柳；年龄；种源；密度

Flowering and pollination behavior of Cyclocarya paliurus . (Batal.) Iljinskaja in the group of planted forest

ABSTRACT

As the plant of key protected , endangered and many uses precious tree species in our country, Cyclocarya paliurus has high health care, pharmaceuty,exploitation and application value. However, Cyclocarya paliurus has relatively low seed fertility and high seed empty grain rate under natural conditions, which severly restricts the development and utilization and the process of industrialization of Cyclocarya paliurus .

For the existing problems, studying the flowering and pollination habit of Cyclocarya paliurus can provide basis for improving seed production and quality and improve the development and utilization and the process of industrialization of Cyclocarya paliurus .

To learn the flowering habits in Cyclocarya paliurus, phonological survey method was used. The survey included : the number of female plants、the number of male plants、the number of the plants which female flowers first matured and male flowers last matured、the number of the plants which male flowers first matured and female flowers last matured and the number of the plants which the flowers had not bloomed. The data was analyzed with SPSS software and comparison was made about the effect of age、provenance and density of plantation on the flowering rate、the rate of female plants、the rate of male plants、the rate of the plants which female flowers first matured and male flowers last matured、the rate of the plants which male flowers first matured and female flowers last matured .

The results were as follows：(1) Man-made forest plants of 4 years has begun to come out.With the increase of age, flowering rate significantly improved and the rate of male plants and hermaphrodite plants increased, however, the rate of female plants relatively reduced.(2)Provenance did not have significant effect on the flowering rate、the rate of female plants、the rate of male plants、the rate of the plants which female flowers first matured and male flowers last matured、the rate of the plants which male flowers first matured and female flowers last matured. By forecasting, we can find out that the rate of the plants which female flowers first matured and male flowers last matured was apparently higher than the rate of the plants which male flowers first matured and female flowers last matured in some plants. However,the situation was on the contrary in some plants. These situations may be caused by that afforestation provenance plants quantity was not big enough.But, on the whole, the rate of the plants which female flowers first matured and male flowers last matured to the rate of the plants which male flowers first matured and female flowers last matured was closer to 1 to 1 which was conformity with the research results in natural forest. (3)Due to the small age of the plants, they just began to flower and fruit and flowering was in a labile state, so the influence of density on flowering was not obvious. But, by knowing the growth conditions, we can find out that the flowering rate in high density is lower than the flowering rate in low density .

Key words:Cyclocarya paliurus ; age ; provenance ; density

目 录

一 文献综述 1

1 雌雄异型异熟植物的特性 1

2 胡桃科植物的开花习性 2

2.1 胡桃科植物雌雄异熟性的表现 2

2.2 开花的稳定性 3

2.3 雌雄异熟与高产栽培 3

3 青钱柳的研究现状及存在问题 4

3.1 青钱柳的生物学特性 4

3.2 青钱柳的开花习性 5

3.3 青钱柳的开发利用价值 5

3.4国内外研究概况 6

二 材料与方法 7

1 试验材料 7

2 试验方法 7

三 结果与分析 8

1 树龄对青钱柳开花率的影响 8

2 不同种源对开花影响 8

3 不同密度对青钱柳开花的影响 11

四 讨论 11

五 参考文献 12

一 文献综述

1 雌雄异型异熟植物的特性

在植物界，为提高传粉成功率, 异交传粉植物个体间的花粉输出和柱头可授性在时间上倾向于保持同步；与此同时, 为避免自交、降低花粉折损和柱头堵塞的有害影响,在个体水平上植株又受到雌雄功能分离的选择压力(Lloyd and Webb, 1986)。在这两种相反的选择压力的作用下, 异交植物进化出各种精巧的花部机制以使繁殖成功最大化, 如雌雄异熟、雌雄异型异熟和二重雌雄异型异熟。其中以雌雄异熟最为常见, 60–70%的被子植物具有雌性先熟或雄性先熟机制(Bertin and Newman, 1993)。雌雄异型异熟, 是指种群中包括两类交配型, 当一个交配型植株释放花粉时, 另一交配型植株的柱头正处于成熟可授期; 然后它们交换角色。

雌雄异型异熟植物雌花和雄花各自同步成熟而又互不干扰，这是植物进行非选型杂交的重要特征(Gleeson,1982; Pendleton et al，1988; Dommee et al,1990)。雌雄异型异熟出现在有花植物11个科18个属中(Renner, 2001; Endress and Lorence, 2004)。槭树属（Acer）的一部分树种如欧亚槭（A pseudoplatanus）（Tal ，2009）；胡桃科植物属存在明显的雌雄异熟性，即胡桃属(Juglans)、山核桃属(Carya)（Polito et al，1997）和青钱柳属，如普通核桃（J. regia）、（Wood M N．，1934）美国山核桃（C. illinoensis Koch）（Grauke et al，1996）等。